trying to find my blog
Monday, December 20, 2010
Sunday, February 07, 2010
Journeys
When a man is deeply unsatisfied with his life it seems his thoughts always turn toward journeys, pilgrimages, motion through time and space. "Black care can hardly catch the rider whose pace is fast enough." said a troubled Theodore Roosevelt.
How else does one explain men running away to sea. There's no need to explain it. Ishmael already did that for us in Moby Dick. Or what of the Chitaquas Pirsig gives us in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance? These inquiries into absolute values couldn't have been throroughly explored sitting at home on the couch.
I forsee a journey in my not too distant future. I hope it will be the beginning of my life.
How else does one explain men running away to sea. There's no need to explain it. Ishmael already did that for us in Moby Dick. Or what of the Chitaquas Pirsig gives us in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance? These inquiries into absolute values couldn't have been throroughly explored sitting at home on the couch.
I forsee a journey in my not too distant future. I hope it will be the beginning of my life.
Saturday, January 30, 2010
Field Biologist at Waterfall
“Field Biologist”
I love the goddess
As she calls to me from the tumbling waters that are cold in January or the bathtub waters of August
I examine the little blessings she leaves along my path:
Mushrooms, trillium, bloodroot, hickory trees
I think that there is something special in the salamander that crawls under the decaying leaves of the forest floor
The bracket fungi that spring from the rotting logs that are returning the gift they had once been given;
I try to appreciate all the life, all the energy around me -
The constant recycling of nutrients -
Everything in the forest is being sustained and intellectually I take it all in,
Knowing the processes, having studied them.
But sometimes the sun weaves through the trees a certain brilliant light, seen through tears, humbling me with its beauty.
And that’s when I go deeper, to a place I have a hard time reaching:
Going from head to heart where the mind lets go and a new force of nature opens eyes that so often stay closed
And somewhere the biological activity comes together in a way I can only describe as “whole”.
Throwing all my field guides and training aside
The only thing I can identify is love.
I love the goddess
As she calls to me from the tumbling waters that are cold in January or the bathtub waters of August
I examine the little blessings she leaves along my path:
Mushrooms, trillium, bloodroot, hickory trees
I think that there is something special in the salamander that crawls under the decaying leaves of the forest floor
The bracket fungi that spring from the rotting logs that are returning the gift they had once been given;
I try to appreciate all the life, all the energy around me -
The constant recycling of nutrients -
Everything in the forest is being sustained and intellectually I take it all in,
Knowing the processes, having studied them.
But sometimes the sun weaves through the trees a certain brilliant light, seen through tears, humbling me with its beauty.
And that’s when I go deeper, to a place I have a hard time reaching:
Going from head to heart where the mind lets go and a new force of nature opens eyes that so often stay closed
And somewhere the biological activity comes together in a way I can only describe as “whole”.
Throwing all my field guides and training aside
The only thing I can identify is love.
Friday, January 29, 2010
Minamata Disease
Here's a brief paper I did for my Ecotox class. It was an interesting topic. I took the picture of the sunset there in sasebo and I can imagine such sunsets might be enjoyed around Minamata City despite the pall of the unfortunate heavy metal poisoning discussed in the paper below.
Introduction
In April 1956 a five-year-old girl was taken to a hospital in Minamata, Japan. She had difficulty walking, speaking, and was experiencing convulsions. Within a few days other patients were being seen and by October 1956 a total of 40 patients had been diagnosed with the mysterious disorder, fourteen of whom had died. Government officials investigating the outbreak of the disease found that affected individuals were often members of the same families, all of them living around Minamata Bay who ate diets high in fish and shellfish. Since all individuals affected by the disease (and animals eating table scraps) had been eating diets heavy in fish researches initially assumed some sort of food poisoning was to blame. But by early November researches from Kumamoto University had deduced that the victims were all suffering from heavy metal poisoning.
Investigators examined the effluent from the nearby Chisso Chemical plant and found it contained many heavy metals including lead, mercury, selenium, and arsenic. To further analyze the specific pollutant causing the disease researchers took hair samples from residents of Minamata suffering from symptoms and those that were symptom-free. They found that patients being treated for the disease had mercury levels of up to 705 ppm whereas subjects with no symptoms had mercury levels around 190 ppm. The mercury levels for the general population outside the Minamata area was around four ppm.
Physiological Impacts
Methylmercury ([CH3Hg]+) such as that found in people affected by Minamata disease is a heavy metal toxin that was once produced as a byproduct of industrial processes such as chemical production as was the case with the Chisso Chemical plant. Free mercury can also be methylated in the environment. It is associated with aquatic systems where methylmercury is produced by the anaerobic organisms.
Methylmercury causes sickness in people by combining with cysteine, an amino acid which readily binds with the poison, carrying it throughout the body. It can lead to blindness, deafness, loss of motor control, and reduced mental capacity. Fetuses subjected to methylmercury poisoning can be born with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and microcephaly (small head).
In a study published in Environmental Research in 1999, researchers surveyed residents of a town (Town A) located next to Minamata City. As a control they also surveyed residents of another small town (Town B) located on the Ariake Sea but not associated with the methylmercury poisoning around Minamata. Residents of both towns were asked about general health complaints ranging from hearing loss, to arthritis, to loss of touch sensation. Forty years after the first reports of methylmercury poisoning residents of Town A had a significantly higher complaints across all categories of factor analysis than the residents of Town B (Fukuda et al. 1999).
Legacy
Over 2200 residents of Minamata, Japan have been certified as having Minmata Disease. As 2001 1,784 of them had died. A 1973 arbitration ruling ordered Chisso Chemical Company to pay approximately $60,000 to persons certified as having Minamata disease and $66,000 to the families of people who had died from the disease. Another 10,000 have shown symptoms of methylmercury poisoning and received financial reimbursement from the Chisso Chemical Company as well. Though the discharge of heavy metals into the Yatusushiro Sea stopped years ago, the study cited above shows many people still suffer from the lingering effects of the pollution both in their bodies and in the sea which provides the fish that are the staple of their diet.
Despite the public awareness that the Minamata disaster brought to methylmercury poisoning subsequent devastating pollutions have occurred. In 1965 another outbreak of Minamata disease occurred in Niigata, Japan and has affected nearly seven hundred people to date. In the early 1970’s Iraqis ate wheat and meat from cows that had been feed grain treated with methylmercury as a preservative. Over 6,500 cases of poisoning were reported and at least 459 deaths were associated with this event known as the Basra Grain Disater.
Sources:
"Basra poison grain disaster." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 May. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2010.
"Methylmercury." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Jan. 2010. Web. 29 Jan. 2010.
"Minamata disease." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Jan. 2010. Web. 29 Jan. 2010.
Fukuda, Yoshiharu, Ushijima, K., Kitano, T., Sakamoto, M., Futatsuka, M., 1999. An analysis of subjective complaints in a population living in a methylmercury-polluted area. Environmental Research Sec a 81, 100-107.
Introduction
In April 1956 a five-year-old girl was taken to a hospital in Minamata, Japan. She had difficulty walking, speaking, and was experiencing convulsions. Within a few days other patients were being seen and by October 1956 a total of 40 patients had been diagnosed with the mysterious disorder, fourteen of whom had died. Government officials investigating the outbreak of the disease found that affected individuals were often members of the same families, all of them living around Minamata Bay who ate diets high in fish and shellfish. Since all individuals affected by the disease (and animals eating table scraps) had been eating diets heavy in fish researches initially assumed some sort of food poisoning was to blame. But by early November researches from Kumamoto University had deduced that the victims were all suffering from heavy metal poisoning.
Investigators examined the effluent from the nearby Chisso Chemical plant and found it contained many heavy metals including lead, mercury, selenium, and arsenic. To further analyze the specific pollutant causing the disease researchers took hair samples from residents of Minamata suffering from symptoms and those that were symptom-free. They found that patients being treated for the disease had mercury levels of up to 705 ppm whereas subjects with no symptoms had mercury levels around 190 ppm. The mercury levels for the general population outside the Minamata area was around four ppm.
Physiological Impacts
Methylmercury ([CH3Hg]+) such as that found in people affected by Minamata disease is a heavy metal toxin that was once produced as a byproduct of industrial processes such as chemical production as was the case with the Chisso Chemical plant. Free mercury can also be methylated in the environment. It is associated with aquatic systems where methylmercury is produced by the anaerobic organisms.
Methylmercury causes sickness in people by combining with cysteine, an amino acid which readily binds with the poison, carrying it throughout the body. It can lead to blindness, deafness, loss of motor control, and reduced mental capacity. Fetuses subjected to methylmercury poisoning can be born with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and microcephaly (small head).
In a study published in Environmental Research in 1999, researchers surveyed residents of a town (Town A) located next to Minamata City. As a control they also surveyed residents of another small town (Town B) located on the Ariake Sea but not associated with the methylmercury poisoning around Minamata. Residents of both towns were asked about general health complaints ranging from hearing loss, to arthritis, to loss of touch sensation. Forty years after the first reports of methylmercury poisoning residents of Town A had a significantly higher complaints across all categories of factor analysis than the residents of Town B (Fukuda et al. 1999).
Legacy
Over 2200 residents of Minamata, Japan have been certified as having Minmata Disease. As 2001 1,784 of them had died. A 1973 arbitration ruling ordered Chisso Chemical Company to pay approximately $60,000 to persons certified as having Minamata disease and $66,000 to the families of people who had died from the disease. Another 10,000 have shown symptoms of methylmercury poisoning and received financial reimbursement from the Chisso Chemical Company as well. Though the discharge of heavy metals into the Yatusushiro Sea stopped years ago, the study cited above shows many people still suffer from the lingering effects of the pollution both in their bodies and in the sea which provides the fish that are the staple of their diet.
Despite the public awareness that the Minamata disaster brought to methylmercury poisoning subsequent devastating pollutions have occurred. In 1965 another outbreak of Minamata disease occurred in Niigata, Japan and has affected nearly seven hundred people to date. In the early 1970’s Iraqis ate wheat and meat from cows that had been feed grain treated with methylmercury as a preservative. Over 6,500 cases of poisoning were reported and at least 459 deaths were associated with this event known as the Basra Grain Disater.
Sources:
"Basra poison grain disaster." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 May. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2010.
"Methylmercury." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Jan. 2010. Web. 29 Jan. 2010.
"Minamata disease." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Jan. 2010. Web. 29 Jan. 2010.
Fukuda, Yoshiharu, Ushijima, K., Kitano, T., Sakamoto, M., Futatsuka, M., 1999. An analysis of subjective complaints in a population living in a methylmercury-polluted area. Environmental Research Sec a 81, 100-107.
Saturday, January 09, 2010
Espey Cave
In the fall of the year when the bronzed girls in golden sweaters stand under the translucent bows of the golden ginkgo as the wind sheers away an entire season of leaves in the afternoon I am tempted to stand in the sun and stare into its autumnal radiance. It is the last glow of warmth before the years settles down into the cool grey rain of winter in middle Tennessee. It isn’t a bad way to end a nice afternoon, soaking up the rays on a solid bed of golden leaves. Perhaps it was a celebration of the life that the sun represents and all the light of the world that comes with a good day.
Earlier, before the clouds had burned off, when there was still a chill to the air the girl in the golden sweater and I had made our way east across the super highway that is 70S coming out of Murfreesboro, to highway 64, then down an unmarked road I guessed was the right one, to a road that lead up onto a high ridge and then down a winding country lane to a dead end.
“Where to from here?” she asked.
“Down,” I said, pointing down the hill. We stumbled and slid down a sixty degree slope of dry fallen leaves under a canopy of oak, hickory, and maple. At the bottom of the quick but steep descent we walked down a narrow creek bed, not really knowing where we were supposed to go but having some idea of what we were looking for.
At length the narrowness of the enclosing hillsides opened up and we could see the creek was about to plunge off of a precipice. Somewhere down there, about fifty nearly vertical feet down was what we had come to see. We couldn’t see it yet but geologically it just made sense. Sliding down rocks and falling through tangled undergrowth we made it too the bottom and were greeted by the face of the bluff we’d just scrambled down. But we followed the gurgle of running water there found another, much high wall of rock but at the bottom of which was an opening roughly fifteen feet high and thirty feet wide.
This was Espey Cave and it is one of over 8,000 in Tennessee, a land of karst geology where the myriad streams cut across the open plateaus and down the hillsides, seamlessly disappearing into underground caverns where the cold gentleness of running water carves the rocks for eons leaving behind miles of small tunnels and scores of grand underground rooms. The air is damp and consistently refreshing, summer or winter; where, except the water the silence if complete and the darkness is total.
It is in these caves that creatures who have no Platonian inkling of the light of day live their lives in submerged darkness. Creatures such as the Tennessee cave salamander, cave crayfish, the [some kind of fish]. Not all species live in every cave, some are confined to only one cave in Arkansas or Tennessee but sill they hold in common their odd little lives in these subterranean worlds where the darkness has deprived them of eyesight as well as eyes and their bodies have grown translucent and pale for lack of pigmentation.
These creatures which have adapted so wonderfully to their niche environment live off the richness of bat guano, left behind by the mobile little flying mammals that reside on the walls and ceilings of the caves by day and venture into the comparative brightness of the upper world at night.
These fragile ecosystems are at the mercy of the world above as good ol’ boys throw beer cans and old refrigerators down sinkholes thinking they will one day make solid ground out of these slowly dissolving ground if only they throw in enough junk. And run off from agriculture, highways, and drainage ditches from the world above flow into these cave systems wreaking havoc on fragile ecosystems which remain hidden and unknown to most of the world as it flies by at seventy miles an hour.
We walk across gravel until the floor of the cave is only a small channel of rushing water, at which point we climb up onto a ledge and scramble farther back around a bend where the light of the upper world leaves us and we are left at the mercy of a small flashlight no bigger than my index finger. Here the cave opens up again and we continue back to a wall where the splits off to the left and right. In all this Espey Cave goes back for six miles and drops two hundred feet below the surface. But our light is already flickering.
We sit down on a flat rock and turn out the light to let it recharge. We share a cigarette in a darkness more complete that can ever be known in the upper world where even at night the stars provide a glaring degree of illumination unknown to the creatures of this underworld. This darkness is safe and anonymous, caves are good places to talk and make confessions. The cherry glow of the cigarette ash takes on a ceremonious glow in a living cave which can feel like the vaults of a great cathedral when the conversation turns to the right subjects.
Afterwards I build a small cairn on the rock where we had sat, a little shrine that will be washed away some great rain event of the oncoming winter. Then we walk out.
Back in day light we scramble up, sometimes climbing hand-over-hand but always up until we reach ground we can walk on. Up and up through old red- and yellow chinkapin oaks and yellow hickory trees.
Four hundred vertical feet later we pause at the top of the ridge and look out across the early November Tennessee landscape, breathing heavy in the crackling air. The leaves have really been coming off the trees in the past few days opening up the view across the gorges to other distant ridges. But there is still color, and heat, the golden yellows of autumn. If there is a heaven I can only imagine it is this, this all infusing light, and when we first see it maybe we’ll feel like we’ve just come out of a cave.
Earlier, before the clouds had burned off, when there was still a chill to the air the girl in the golden sweater and I had made our way east across the super highway that is 70S coming out of Murfreesboro, to highway 64, then down an unmarked road I guessed was the right one, to a road that lead up onto a high ridge and then down a winding country lane to a dead end.
“Where to from here?” she asked.
“Down,” I said, pointing down the hill. We stumbled and slid down a sixty degree slope of dry fallen leaves under a canopy of oak, hickory, and maple. At the bottom of the quick but steep descent we walked down a narrow creek bed, not really knowing where we were supposed to go but having some idea of what we were looking for.
At length the narrowness of the enclosing hillsides opened up and we could see the creek was about to plunge off of a precipice. Somewhere down there, about fifty nearly vertical feet down was what we had come to see. We couldn’t see it yet but geologically it just made sense. Sliding down rocks and falling through tangled undergrowth we made it too the bottom and were greeted by the face of the bluff we’d just scrambled down. But we followed the gurgle of running water there found another, much high wall of rock but at the bottom of which was an opening roughly fifteen feet high and thirty feet wide.
This was Espey Cave and it is one of over 8,000 in Tennessee, a land of karst geology where the myriad streams cut across the open plateaus and down the hillsides, seamlessly disappearing into underground caverns where the cold gentleness of running water carves the rocks for eons leaving behind miles of small tunnels and scores of grand underground rooms. The air is damp and consistently refreshing, summer or winter; where, except the water the silence if complete and the darkness is total.
It is in these caves that creatures who have no Platonian inkling of the light of day live their lives in submerged darkness. Creatures such as the Tennessee cave salamander, cave crayfish, the [some kind of fish]. Not all species live in every cave, some are confined to only one cave in Arkansas or Tennessee but sill they hold in common their odd little lives in these subterranean worlds where the darkness has deprived them of eyesight as well as eyes and their bodies have grown translucent and pale for lack of pigmentation.
These creatures which have adapted so wonderfully to their niche environment live off the richness of bat guano, left behind by the mobile little flying mammals that reside on the walls and ceilings of the caves by day and venture into the comparative brightness of the upper world at night.
These fragile ecosystems are at the mercy of the world above as good ol’ boys throw beer cans and old refrigerators down sinkholes thinking they will one day make solid ground out of these slowly dissolving ground if only they throw in enough junk. And run off from agriculture, highways, and drainage ditches from the world above flow into these cave systems wreaking havoc on fragile ecosystems which remain hidden and unknown to most of the world as it flies by at seventy miles an hour.
We walk across gravel until the floor of the cave is only a small channel of rushing water, at which point we climb up onto a ledge and scramble farther back around a bend where the light of the upper world leaves us and we are left at the mercy of a small flashlight no bigger than my index finger. Here the cave opens up again and we continue back to a wall where the splits off to the left and right. In all this Espey Cave goes back for six miles and drops two hundred feet below the surface. But our light is already flickering.
We sit down on a flat rock and turn out the light to let it recharge. We share a cigarette in a darkness more complete that can ever be known in the upper world where even at night the stars provide a glaring degree of illumination unknown to the creatures of this underworld. This darkness is safe and anonymous, caves are good places to talk and make confessions. The cherry glow of the cigarette ash takes on a ceremonious glow in a living cave which can feel like the vaults of a great cathedral when the conversation turns to the right subjects.
Afterwards I build a small cairn on the rock where we had sat, a little shrine that will be washed away some great rain event of the oncoming winter. Then we walk out.
Back in day light we scramble up, sometimes climbing hand-over-hand but always up until we reach ground we can walk on. Up and up through old red- and yellow chinkapin oaks and yellow hickory trees.
Four hundred vertical feet later we pause at the top of the ridge and look out across the early November Tennessee landscape, breathing heavy in the crackling air. The leaves have really been coming off the trees in the past few days opening up the view across the gorges to other distant ridges. But there is still color, and heat, the golden yellows of autumn. If there is a heaven I can only imagine it is this, this all infusing light, and when we first see it maybe we’ll feel like we’ve just come out of a cave.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Big South Fork
The Big South Fork of the Cumberland River forms at the confluence of the New River and Clear Fork River. From here it winds ninety river miles cutting a six hundred foot deep gorge through the sandstone highlands of the Cumberland Plateau, flowing north into Kentucky where it lends its waters to the Cumberland River. The Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area encompasses 125,000 acres of the watershed of this wild, free flowing river. Formed in 1974, the BSFNRRA protects rugged mountain land that had been stripped of timber and mined for coal from the late 1800’s until the middle of the twentieth century. The extractive activities left the land scarred and the environment of a once pristine place in a dubious state. But nature heals her wounds and through photosynthesis and the freeze and thaw of the seasons the efforts of man crumble when left unattended and green creeps back over denuded landscapes.
It was in this high terrain that a friend and I retreated with a couple of good trail dogs to take breather during the fall break of my first college semester in fifteen years. Conceived as a get away three years previously after I first got out of the Navy the initial plan had been to wander cross country with my dog and a back pack with nothing but a compass and topographic map to guide me. But plans change. Still, we had planned on backpacking but that turned into car camping (a tip of the hat to Mark Sundeen’s cult classic of outdoor/slacker living), and ultimately what had started as a trip into the backcountry of the Big South Fork became a somewhat rollicking sampling of the surrounding region.
After the interminable twisting, drive over pretty country roads through the ever intensifying colors of autumn we arrived and set up camp in Bandy Creek Campground, site 49. At $19 per night to tent camp the park is proud of their camp sites. But the location is really good and central to anything one would ever want to do in the southern portion of the park.
Though a ranger had advised us against taking dogs on the Honey Creek Loop, we decided to do it anyway, starting a bit late in the afternoon and jumped into the woods. The trail walks down a very small creek which was soggy after days of rain though every day of our trip would prove to be nothing but outstanding with the painfully blue clear skies and increasingly warm days of an Indian summer. An unusually wet summer season had left the ground well primed for a plethora of fungi which we marveled at and photographed over the entire three days we were in the area. Along the trail we also found a fine example of a euonymus called strawberry bush or hearts a bustin’.
After three miles or so we came to a place to either continue on the long loop trail or take an abbreviated side trail directly to the Honey Creek Overlook, a spot the Audubon Society Field Guide to the Southeastern United States calls one of the most beautiful overlooks in Tennessee. The terrain is rugged and there was no easy way to get to the overlook…I tried to find it for the sake of the dogs. It turns out the only way up about forty feet of rock face is to climb up a couple of steel ladders that are pitched at a good 55 or 60 degree slope. Lilly, the smaller dog was hesitant but managed to go on up with a little encouragement. Maze Dog, sixty pounds of wild energy who has intrepidly lunged into raging rivers from the Cascade Mountains to flooded low country rivers in middle Tennessee, got about a third of the way up then started to whimper. I stood immediately behind her, helping her raise one paw above the other until at last she made it up.
The effort to get the dogs up was worthwhile. Honey Creek Overlook is a beautiful spot, looking down a long gorge where the oaks, hickories, and poplars were turning with the season. The river below was slightly flooded and powerful. The overlook is situated on a wooded platform. Countless visitors had left messages to lost loved ones written in Sharpie or carved into the railing…and on the benches…and on the posts. Below by one of the rockhouses (the overhang of a bluff where one can go in and rest on a dry bed of sand) we passed there was an unopened pepsi can which had been placed ceremoniously on a rock and a somewhat ambitious memorial spray painted on the rock. “Remember the sunrise has never failed us” was the quote my friend and I took and ran with as the recurring theme of our upper Cumberland expedition.
Leaving the overlook we walked a pleasant mile down a gravel country lane, testing our acumen as naturalist by spot identifying winged and staghorn sumac, sourwood, and dogwood.
Driving back into the park proper around loopy highway 297, we parked at the East Rim Overlook and hiked the 1.3 miles at the perfect time of day to Sunset Overlook. When we got to the narrow sandstone shelf the sun was at that perfect angle to set the world on fire. It’s the time of day I like to look into its brightness and imagine all that can be in the world. Its when everything is cast with the pall of that 1970’s film haziness that dissolves the sharpness of lines until the trees, rocks, people, everything in my field of view lose their sharp edges and blend into one, like some Siddharthic awakening. And like such awakenings these moments are brief and the most must be made of them, from both a photographic sense and as concerns rejuvenating the soul within.
Walking back out the trail we noted that the grey brown leaves of Umbrella magnolia that had fallen on the forest floor looked like litter. Then I found an umbrella magnolia tree and collected a specimen for my herbarium.
Getting camp going that night was rough. We fought wet wood and plunging temperatures but finally turned out a decent camp supper of roasted potatoes, onions, squash and zucchini, served along side grilled chicken breasts. Car camping with a color and little grill is really the way to go. A crystalline sky filled with a million stars and a bottle of Red Truck put us over the top, making the crawl into cold sleeping bags not quite so bad.
The next morning was coffee, boiled eggs and shivering until the sun had climbed a ways in the sky revealing another beautiful day and it was evident that the day would be considerably warmer than the day before.
After some consideration we drove down a narrow gravel road to the Twin Arches trailhead. The trail wound around the base of sandstone bluff past a number of rockhouses. We stopped and inspected each one for signs of sandwort, a plant my hiking partner had spent time protecting in nearby Pickett State park, and flint chippings and arrowheads. I really wanted to find another arrowhead but alas all we found were chippings and leaves that tricked us into picking them up.
We wandered onto the first of the arches almost without noticing it. This seems like it would be hard to do since these two arches constitute the largest formation of its kind in the eastern United States. The trail rounds a bend and suddenly the first arch is there. But unlike the formations in Arches National Park which are red and exposed the twin Arches of BFSNRRA are made of a whitish grey sandstone and well concealed by lush vegetation. But make no mistake, they are impressive. The South Arch is 70 feet high and spans 135 feet. We stood awestruck at the beauty of it for a moment. I can only imagine what the first longhunters thought in the 1760’s when they came across the arches for the first time. Undoubtedly some of them had seen the Natural Bridge in Virginia and, when viewed together, this formation is substantially larger than that one. A trail to the left leads to the North Arch. We paused for the obligatory pictures and enjoyed a cigarette. Then we climbed a series of wooden steps to the top of the arch.
A spectacular panorama of canyon and ridges revealed itself bringing up the obvious comparisons to the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. The chasm wasn’t as wide, the gorge not as deep, but this is about as big as one will find in the east. And it is big. Of all the reading I’d done researching trails none of the literature had talked about the view from on top of the arches. It provided us with the inspiration which people are looking for when they go out in nature. Under a sky of cobalt blue we sat on the edge and ate some lunch, enjoying the sixty-five degree sunshine after the long, cold night. Small Virginia pines grew from the slightest cracks in the rock, contorted and windblown like ancient bonsai trees. Later, walking along the ridge above the arches we Schumard Oak, glade privet, and sassafras in profusion. We came across a phasmid, or stick bug, laying immobile in the sandy trail. It looked like one of the dogs had stepped on it. But on closer inspection it turned out that these were two bugs mating. What I had thought was a broken leg was the much smaller male latched onto the female.
We walked a short side trail that led back to the parking lot. Here’s is where plans changed. Sometimes spending days hiking in nature one feels a sense of obligation to note every last feature on every single trail. I call it the beautiful waterfall- beautiful tree-beautiful rock formation syndrome. Having already walked a good bit and seen the best we decided to see something different. We drove out and got on the highway bound for Rugby.
Rugby is a relic of the last days of English colonialism, formed in the good faith of Christian Socialism with just an air of Victorian superiority. It was the brainchild of Thomas Hughes, a second son of England who was determined to establish a settlement where the second sons of the English gentry could come and make a rough living with their hands while retiring to the cultured world they were used to at the end of the day. Founded in 1880 on such high ideals the colony lasted seven years until at last it dissolved through poor management and what remains today are some Victorian carpenter gothic houses, an Episcopal Church (smack in the land of Church of Christ and Primitive Baptists) and an old cemetery.
I’d also heard there might be a winery nearby. Turns out there was. Highland Manor is Tennessee’s oldest winery. We stopped in and sampled all the varieties they had to offer. The reserve chardonnay was extra special. But cost/taste analysis dictated our purchase so we bought the cheapest red they had along with some fancy cheese and dearly, dearly, way overpriced rosemary crackers. Then back to Rugby.
It was late afternoon when we arrived at the Gentlemen’s Swimming Hole trailhead which is a part of the BSFNRRA. But rather than immediately jump on the trail we wandered around the old Laureldale Cemetery, noting the curious English names on the headstones and the many types of fungi growing on the ground. A pair of pileated wood peckers flickered in and out of the large cemetery trees. Four British people walked around, I presume looking for some curious ancestor who had sailed off to America to settle in the Tennessee backcountry in an attempt to establish a utopia in an imperfect world.
Finally we hiked the half mile trail down to the Gentlemen’s Swimming Hole which is a short stretch of the Clear Fork, photographing fungi all the way. We saw large poplars and hemlocks, a couple of which were dead, possibly victims of the wooly adgelid which is certain wreak total devastation on the beautiful hemlocks of the Big South Fork when it arrives…if it isn’t there already. By the river we sat amid a tangle of rhododendron, watching the dogs play in the sand under river birch and silver maples. The light of day faded from the gorge and we walked just fast enough to reach the plateau before total darkness sat in.
That night, back at camp was pleasantly warmer, the fire easier to start, the meal a smorgasbord of expensive cheese, roasted ears of corn and mixed vegetables. The setting made the local wine phenomenal.
Sometimes we have to find renewal in little doses: a cup of coffee, a night out with friends, an afternoon run. But sometimes we need a couple of days away from everybody we know and every distraction that can come in on a cell phone or email. Sometimes we need rugged land and a failed utopian dream. Nothing fails that is attempted and nothing is attempted but that there’s a hole in us we need to fill. Big South Fork is a place of renewal where man can scratch the surface looking for coal and timber or a better way to live. But ultimately Mother Nature embraces her ever striving sons and daughters in the wilderness of the mountains and river, holding them close, eroding away all the karma they bring with them until all that is left is the sound of water rushing over the rocks and the wind blowing through the canyons.
It was in this high terrain that a friend and I retreated with a couple of good trail dogs to take breather during the fall break of my first college semester in fifteen years. Conceived as a get away three years previously after I first got out of the Navy the initial plan had been to wander cross country with my dog and a back pack with nothing but a compass and topographic map to guide me. But plans change. Still, we had planned on backpacking but that turned into car camping (a tip of the hat to Mark Sundeen’s cult classic of outdoor/slacker living), and ultimately what had started as a trip into the backcountry of the Big South Fork became a somewhat rollicking sampling of the surrounding region.
After the interminable twisting, drive over pretty country roads through the ever intensifying colors of autumn we arrived and set up camp in Bandy Creek Campground, site 49. At $19 per night to tent camp the park is proud of their camp sites. But the location is really good and central to anything one would ever want to do in the southern portion of the park.
Though a ranger had advised us against taking dogs on the Honey Creek Loop, we decided to do it anyway, starting a bit late in the afternoon and jumped into the woods. The trail walks down a very small creek which was soggy after days of rain though every day of our trip would prove to be nothing but outstanding with the painfully blue clear skies and increasingly warm days of an Indian summer. An unusually wet summer season had left the ground well primed for a plethora of fungi which we marveled at and photographed over the entire three days we were in the area. Along the trail we also found a fine example of a euonymus called strawberry bush or hearts a bustin’.
After three miles or so we came to a place to either continue on the long loop trail or take an abbreviated side trail directly to the Honey Creek Overlook, a spot the Audubon Society Field Guide to the Southeastern United States calls one of the most beautiful overlooks in Tennessee. The terrain is rugged and there was no easy way to get to the overlook…I tried to find it for the sake of the dogs. It turns out the only way up about forty feet of rock face is to climb up a couple of steel ladders that are pitched at a good 55 or 60 degree slope. Lilly, the smaller dog was hesitant but managed to go on up with a little encouragement. Maze Dog, sixty pounds of wild energy who has intrepidly lunged into raging rivers from the Cascade Mountains to flooded low country rivers in middle Tennessee, got about a third of the way up then started to whimper. I stood immediately behind her, helping her raise one paw above the other until at last she made it up.
The effort to get the dogs up was worthwhile. Honey Creek Overlook is a beautiful spot, looking down a long gorge where the oaks, hickories, and poplars were turning with the season. The river below was slightly flooded and powerful. The overlook is situated on a wooded platform. Countless visitors had left messages to lost loved ones written in Sharpie or carved into the railing…and on the benches…and on the posts. Below by one of the rockhouses (the overhang of a bluff where one can go in and rest on a dry bed of sand) we passed there was an unopened pepsi can which had been placed ceremoniously on a rock and a somewhat ambitious memorial spray painted on the rock. “Remember the sunrise has never failed us” was the quote my friend and I took and ran with as the recurring theme of our upper Cumberland expedition.
Leaving the overlook we walked a pleasant mile down a gravel country lane, testing our acumen as naturalist by spot identifying winged and staghorn sumac, sourwood, and dogwood.
Driving back into the park proper around loopy highway 297, we parked at the East Rim Overlook and hiked the 1.3 miles at the perfect time of day to Sunset Overlook. When we got to the narrow sandstone shelf the sun was at that perfect angle to set the world on fire. It’s the time of day I like to look into its brightness and imagine all that can be in the world. Its when everything is cast with the pall of that 1970’s film haziness that dissolves the sharpness of lines until the trees, rocks, people, everything in my field of view lose their sharp edges and blend into one, like some Siddharthic awakening. And like such awakenings these moments are brief and the most must be made of them, from both a photographic sense and as concerns rejuvenating the soul within.
Walking back out the trail we noted that the grey brown leaves of Umbrella magnolia that had fallen on the forest floor looked like litter. Then I found an umbrella magnolia tree and collected a specimen for my herbarium.
Getting camp going that night was rough. We fought wet wood and plunging temperatures but finally turned out a decent camp supper of roasted potatoes, onions, squash and zucchini, served along side grilled chicken breasts. Car camping with a color and little grill is really the way to go. A crystalline sky filled with a million stars and a bottle of Red Truck put us over the top, making the crawl into cold sleeping bags not quite so bad.
The next morning was coffee, boiled eggs and shivering until the sun had climbed a ways in the sky revealing another beautiful day and it was evident that the day would be considerably warmer than the day before.
After some consideration we drove down a narrow gravel road to the Twin Arches trailhead. The trail wound around the base of sandstone bluff past a number of rockhouses. We stopped and inspected each one for signs of sandwort, a plant my hiking partner had spent time protecting in nearby Pickett State park, and flint chippings and arrowheads. I really wanted to find another arrowhead but alas all we found were chippings and leaves that tricked us into picking them up.
We wandered onto the first of the arches almost without noticing it. This seems like it would be hard to do since these two arches constitute the largest formation of its kind in the eastern United States. The trail rounds a bend and suddenly the first arch is there. But unlike the formations in Arches National Park which are red and exposed the twin Arches of BFSNRRA are made of a whitish grey sandstone and well concealed by lush vegetation. But make no mistake, they are impressive. The South Arch is 70 feet high and spans 135 feet. We stood awestruck at the beauty of it for a moment. I can only imagine what the first longhunters thought in the 1760’s when they came across the arches for the first time. Undoubtedly some of them had seen the Natural Bridge in Virginia and, when viewed together, this formation is substantially larger than that one. A trail to the left leads to the North Arch. We paused for the obligatory pictures and enjoyed a cigarette. Then we climbed a series of wooden steps to the top of the arch.
A spectacular panorama of canyon and ridges revealed itself bringing up the obvious comparisons to the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. The chasm wasn’t as wide, the gorge not as deep, but this is about as big as one will find in the east. And it is big. Of all the reading I’d done researching trails none of the literature had talked about the view from on top of the arches. It provided us with the inspiration which people are looking for when they go out in nature. Under a sky of cobalt blue we sat on the edge and ate some lunch, enjoying the sixty-five degree sunshine after the long, cold night. Small Virginia pines grew from the slightest cracks in the rock, contorted and windblown like ancient bonsai trees. Later, walking along the ridge above the arches we Schumard Oak, glade privet, and sassafras in profusion. We came across a phasmid, or stick bug, laying immobile in the sandy trail. It looked like one of the dogs had stepped on it. But on closer inspection it turned out that these were two bugs mating. What I had thought was a broken leg was the much smaller male latched onto the female.
We walked a short side trail that led back to the parking lot. Here’s is where plans changed. Sometimes spending days hiking in nature one feels a sense of obligation to note every last feature on every single trail. I call it the beautiful waterfall- beautiful tree-beautiful rock formation syndrome. Having already walked a good bit and seen the best we decided to see something different. We drove out and got on the highway bound for Rugby.
Rugby is a relic of the last days of English colonialism, formed in the good faith of Christian Socialism with just an air of Victorian superiority. It was the brainchild of Thomas Hughes, a second son of England who was determined to establish a settlement where the second sons of the English gentry could come and make a rough living with their hands while retiring to the cultured world they were used to at the end of the day. Founded in 1880 on such high ideals the colony lasted seven years until at last it dissolved through poor management and what remains today are some Victorian carpenter gothic houses, an Episcopal Church (smack in the land of Church of Christ and Primitive Baptists) and an old cemetery.
I’d also heard there might be a winery nearby. Turns out there was. Highland Manor is Tennessee’s oldest winery. We stopped in and sampled all the varieties they had to offer. The reserve chardonnay was extra special. But cost/taste analysis dictated our purchase so we bought the cheapest red they had along with some fancy cheese and dearly, dearly, way overpriced rosemary crackers. Then back to Rugby.
It was late afternoon when we arrived at the Gentlemen’s Swimming Hole trailhead which is a part of the BSFNRRA. But rather than immediately jump on the trail we wandered around the old Laureldale Cemetery, noting the curious English names on the headstones and the many types of fungi growing on the ground. A pair of pileated wood peckers flickered in and out of the large cemetery trees. Four British people walked around, I presume looking for some curious ancestor who had sailed off to America to settle in the Tennessee backcountry in an attempt to establish a utopia in an imperfect world.
Finally we hiked the half mile trail down to the Gentlemen’s Swimming Hole which is a short stretch of the Clear Fork, photographing fungi all the way. We saw large poplars and hemlocks, a couple of which were dead, possibly victims of the wooly adgelid which is certain wreak total devastation on the beautiful hemlocks of the Big South Fork when it arrives…if it isn’t there already. By the river we sat amid a tangle of rhododendron, watching the dogs play in the sand under river birch and silver maples. The light of day faded from the gorge and we walked just fast enough to reach the plateau before total darkness sat in.
That night, back at camp was pleasantly warmer, the fire easier to start, the meal a smorgasbord of expensive cheese, roasted ears of corn and mixed vegetables. The setting made the local wine phenomenal.
Sometimes we have to find renewal in little doses: a cup of coffee, a night out with friends, an afternoon run. But sometimes we need a couple of days away from everybody we know and every distraction that can come in on a cell phone or email. Sometimes we need rugged land and a failed utopian dream. Nothing fails that is attempted and nothing is attempted but that there’s a hole in us we need to fill. Big South Fork is a place of renewal where man can scratch the surface looking for coal and timber or a better way to live. But ultimately Mother Nature embraces her ever striving sons and daughters in the wilderness of the mountains and river, holding them close, eroding away all the karma they bring with them until all that is left is the sound of water rushing over the rocks and the wind blowing through the canyons.
Friday, October 16, 2009
Meriwether Lewis Memorial Service
Back on October 7th a friend and I took the long but scenic drive from Murfreesboro, down through Columbia, and across Highway 412 to the Meriwether Lewis Monument on the Natchez Trace. We were going down to pay homage to the man whom I’ve written about and read about so much in the past two years. Two hundred years after his death Meriwether Lewis was going to be memorialized and given a proper military funeral.
Like so much of the summer and fall of 2009 the days leading up to the event had been drearily soggy with leaden skies intermittent drizzle. But this day the clouds parted to reveal that deep blue, so clear you can see the domed ceiling of the earth’s cathedral. The front that blew out the clouds also brought in some comfortably cooler temperatures with a high that barely broke the mid-60’s.
I’d been told to arrive a couple of hours early but that proved to be a bit over cautious. Yes there were crowds but then again this was being held in a park so it wasn’t going to fill up. My friend and I had a couple of hours to kill so we walked up to the obelisk that marks Lewis’ grave. It is set on a stack of stones that were rededicated in 2001 because the old from the original monument built in 1848 had crumbled with time. Limestone is like that. The same interaction of limestone and water that caused the eternal memorial to have to be rebuilt 150 years after it was placed is also responsible for the immense cave systems in Tennessee and Kentucky. The shaft on top of the stones is a broken at to signify a life cut short…Lewis was only 35 when he died.
That morning I had been reading some more of Lewis’ journal entries from his long trek with the Corps of Discovery and came across a passage where he expressed frustration at not being able to give a faithful rendition of the Great Falls of the Missouri or convey the awe which the scene inspired in him. He “most sincerely regretted that [he] had not brought a crimee obscura…”. This puzzled me because I knew that photography didn’t come into existence until the 1839 when Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype. Or was there something before?
I walked over to man in period costume who was at work under a parasol standing behind what looked like an old camera. His name was John Staley and he said that he had also been puzzled by the mention of a crimee obscura…so much so that he had done some research and then built two of them. One was on loan to Monticello, the other was the one he was using at the monument. He explained that a crimee obscura isn’t a camera…however its everything but one. “All that’s missing is the chemistry,” said Staley.
He showed me how it works and it is decidedly clever. The lens is aimed at the object in question, the image is reflected off a mirror and projected onto a screen in the box of the instrument. At this point a thin sheet of paper is placed over the screen and the object is traced. Its an ingenuous way to capture perfect proportion and details.
Staley had come to capture the monument in his crimee obscura but he was attracting too much attention to get any work done. I think this day his work was really presenting some living history to people who obviously had an interest.
The program finally started at 3:00 p.m. and had the hushed solemnity of a funeral service which it was. Keynote speakers included a Stephanie Ambrose Tubbs, daughter of Stephen Ambrose, whose book Undaunted Courage brought Meriwether Lewis back to life in the mind of the general public. A collateral descendent of Lewis read a poem and the great-great-great grandson of William Clark told of the remarkable friendship that grew between Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. In the only levity added to the situation he read Clarks acceptance to Lewis’ invitation to join the expedition, commenting that in a thirty word sentence his ancestor had managed to invent one word and misspell three others. Clark was known to be an adventurous speller.
The crowd sat respectfully quiet through it all under a shady canopy of post oaks and sweetgum trees. At the end of the service a large procession made its way to the gravesite to the steady beat of a military drum down a road lined with flags from the states that would eventually be formed from the territory which Lewis’ expedition had explored. Re-enactors stood in formation at the gravesite as dignitaries laid wreaths at the base of the monument. Then plant specimens representing those Lewis had first discovered for science were laid among the wreaths. An honor guard from the 101st Airborne fired a 21-gun salute then a piper played “Amazing Grace” on the bagpipes. As happens when “Amazing Grace” is played on the bagpipes people became teary eyed, weeping for the young national hero who took his own life too early…and probably moved by certain things going on in their own life that the shrill beauty of the tune can dredge up at moments of introspection.
I suppose Lewis was never given a proper funeral when he died in1809 but he definitely received on the day I was there.
Like so much of the summer and fall of 2009 the days leading up to the event had been drearily soggy with leaden skies intermittent drizzle. But this day the clouds parted to reveal that deep blue, so clear you can see the domed ceiling of the earth’s cathedral. The front that blew out the clouds also brought in some comfortably cooler temperatures with a high that barely broke the mid-60’s.
I’d been told to arrive a couple of hours early but that proved to be a bit over cautious. Yes there were crowds but then again this was being held in a park so it wasn’t going to fill up. My friend and I had a couple of hours to kill so we walked up to the obelisk that marks Lewis’ grave. It is set on a stack of stones that were rededicated in 2001 because the old from the original monument built in 1848 had crumbled with time. Limestone is like that. The same interaction of limestone and water that caused the eternal memorial to have to be rebuilt 150 years after it was placed is also responsible for the immense cave systems in Tennessee and Kentucky. The shaft on top of the stones is a broken at to signify a life cut short…Lewis was only 35 when he died.
That morning I had been reading some more of Lewis’ journal entries from his long trek with the Corps of Discovery and came across a passage where he expressed frustration at not being able to give a faithful rendition of the Great Falls of the Missouri or convey the awe which the scene inspired in him. He “most sincerely regretted that [he] had not brought a crimee obscura…”. This puzzled me because I knew that photography didn’t come into existence until the 1839 when Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype. Or was there something before?
I walked over to man in period costume who was at work under a parasol standing behind what looked like an old camera. His name was John Staley and he said that he had also been puzzled by the mention of a crimee obscura…so much so that he had done some research and then built two of them. One was on loan to Monticello, the other was the one he was using at the monument. He explained that a crimee obscura isn’t a camera…however its everything but one. “All that’s missing is the chemistry,” said Staley.
He showed me how it works and it is decidedly clever. The lens is aimed at the object in question, the image is reflected off a mirror and projected onto a screen in the box of the instrument. At this point a thin sheet of paper is placed over the screen and the object is traced. Its an ingenuous way to capture perfect proportion and details.
Staley had come to capture the monument in his crimee obscura but he was attracting too much attention to get any work done. I think this day his work was really presenting some living history to people who obviously had an interest.
The program finally started at 3:00 p.m. and had the hushed solemnity of a funeral service which it was. Keynote speakers included a Stephanie Ambrose Tubbs, daughter of Stephen Ambrose, whose book Undaunted Courage brought Meriwether Lewis back to life in the mind of the general public. A collateral descendent of Lewis read a poem and the great-great-great grandson of William Clark told of the remarkable friendship that grew between Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. In the only levity added to the situation he read Clarks acceptance to Lewis’ invitation to join the expedition, commenting that in a thirty word sentence his ancestor had managed to invent one word and misspell three others. Clark was known to be an adventurous speller.
The crowd sat respectfully quiet through it all under a shady canopy of post oaks and sweetgum trees. At the end of the service a large procession made its way to the gravesite to the steady beat of a military drum down a road lined with flags from the states that would eventually be formed from the territory which Lewis’ expedition had explored. Re-enactors stood in formation at the gravesite as dignitaries laid wreaths at the base of the monument. Then plant specimens representing those Lewis had first discovered for science were laid among the wreaths. An honor guard from the 101st Airborne fired a 21-gun salute then a piper played “Amazing Grace” on the bagpipes. As happens when “Amazing Grace” is played on the bagpipes people became teary eyed, weeping for the young national hero who took his own life too early…and probably moved by certain things going on in their own life that the shrill beauty of the tune can dredge up at moments of introspection.
I suppose Lewis was never given a proper funeral when he died in1809 but he definitely received on the day I was there.
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